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Can anyone known what do you mean by CMOS and it's working principle ? for (2+6) Marks.
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Electronics
17 Mar 2025
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CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor. It is a technology used to construct integrated circuits (ICs), including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is widely used because of its low power consumption, high noise immunity, and high density of logic functions .
Working principle of CMOS CMOS technology is based on the use of complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) for logic functions. Here's a brief explanation of how it works: 1. Basic Structure A CMOS circuit consists of two types of transistors: NMOS (n-type MOSFET): Conducts when the gate voltage is high (logic 1). PMOS (p-type MOSFET): Conducts when the gate voltage is low (logic 0). These transistors are connected in a complementary way, meaning only one of them is ON at any given time. 2. Operation In a CMOS circuit, the NMOS and PMOS transistors are arranged in such a way that when one is ON, the other is OFF. When the input is high (logic 1): The NMOS transistor turns ON, allowing current to flow from the output to the ground (logic 0). The PMOS transistor turns OFF, disconnecting the power supply from the output. When the input is low (logic 0): The PMOS transistor turns ON, connecting the power supply to the output (logic 1). The NMOS transistor turns OFF, disconnecting the output from the ground. 3. Power Consumption CMOS circuits consume very little power because: In a steady state (either logic 0 or logic 1), there is no direct path between the power supply and ground, so no current flows except for leakage current. Power is only consumed during the switching of states (from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0). 4. Noise Immunity CMOS circuits have high noise immunity because the input voltage levels required to switch between logic states are well-defined and separated.
In summary, CMOS technology is the backbone of modern electronics due to its efficiency, reliability, and scalability. Its working principle revolves around the complementary use of NMOS and PMOS transistors to achieve low power consumption and high performance.
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